1	AP US History Wild West 1860-1900
2	"You will never find Sasquatch—he..." You will never find Sasquatch—he was killed at Wounded Knee
3	How the West was Won The taming of the West still shows a pre-Civil War mentality Americans there not modernized, very rustic Human rights are not looming issues In East, US is becoming modern Industry, urbanization, reform movements After we finish with the West, we will start studying modern America proper…until then, “yee-haw”
4	"What do we need to..." What do we need to know in order to understand the history of the taming of the West? Today’s topic: what do we need to know to understand US gov’t policy toward Indians?
5	"John O’Sullivan" John O’Sullivan Mexican American War Oregon Trail Northwest Ordinance and Indian Intercourse Act Jefferson’s treatment of Indians Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)
6	John O’Sullivan (Democrat) Coined term “manifest destiny” What does this have to do with West? “it is our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions”
7	Mexican American War Gave US undisputed control of UT, NM, CO, NV, AZ, ID, MO, WY, AZ Thinly, sparsely populated lands Gov’t needed to extend much influence to keep it under control, gain profits from them History shows us it is hard to expand an empire and hold it successfully for long
8	Oregon Trail Probably begun in 1740s Finished by 1840, for fur traders Brought 300K people to OR and CA, helping them become states OR (1859) CA (1850)—what is significant about date?
9	NOW and IIA Both attempted to treat Indians more fairly Give economic aid, no lands to be taken without treaties signed first
10	Jefferson’s Indian Policy Assimilation Christianize Yeomen farmers English Promised them they would not be bothered for centuries past the Mississipi
11	Cherokee Nation v. Georgia John Marshall ruled in favor of Cherokees resisting removal (IndReAct) Andy Jackson ignored the ruling
12	What do we need to know about this chapter? Bureau of Indian Affairs Medicine Lodge Treaty Buffalo Sand Creek Massacre Great Sioux Wars Treaty of Fort Laramie Custer Cochise and Geronimo Chief Joseph Homestead Act and federal land grants to railroads Board of Indian Commissioners Women’s National Indian Association Dawes Severalty Act Ghost Dance and Wounded Kneee
13	Bureau of Indian Affairs Put Indians on reservations in order to speed assimilation Teach English, Christianize, military protection, teach farming Often corrupt Redirecting funds, which led to malnourished Indians who expected their help, hard to live on poor farming soil
14	Medicine Lodge Treaty 1867 Combined many Indian nations together Grant sent supplies to aid them and to mediate their inevitable disputes, but miners and prospectors jumped in soon, putting additional strain on the land’s resources Indians moved out (Kansas area)
15	Buffalo Indians needed them—important to way of life Indians already upset about crowding… Buffalo slaughter by whites bring relations to boiling point Whites thought slaughter of buffalo would speed Indian acceptance of reservation and assimilation But instead brought Indians to war
16	Sand Creek (CO) Massacre Earlier Cherokee and Arapaho raids on whites 3^rd US Cavalry gets even Black Kettle sued for peace, went hunting Many Indian women and children killed Indians retaliate Gov’t tried to repay survivors
17	Great Sioux Wars Sioux ceded much land to whites, hoping for protection by gov’t Miners and forts built on their buffalo lands in WY Sioux fought (1865-67) Red Cloud fought to a stalemate Great Sioux reservation created (SD)
18	Treaty of Fort Laramie Signed after Red Cloud’s forced stalemate Said Sioux would own GS Reservation “as long as grass shall grow” But gold disputed this
19	Custer Idiot Supposed to dispel rumors to gold in Sioux lands—Black Hills—brought reports of lots Congress then wanted the land; Sioux would fight for it, prepared for battle Custer drove ahead of other companies, divided his forces, reinforcements cut off—idiot… Slaughtered by Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull (aka?) (June 1876) Crazy Horse arrested later; end of Sioux rebellion
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21	Cochise and Geronimo Apache leaders Fought after the Sioux Red River Wars Their demise brought end to Indian Wars (1886)
22	Chief Joseph Chief of Nez Perce Had been friends with French, Americans Even assisted US against other tribes Discovery of gold meant they were forced off lands in WA—10 cents per acre Led Nez Perce to Canada on foot Fired on by army, outmaneuvered them Finally caught in Montana and sent to non-Nez Perce lands in WA—”I will fight no more forever” Died of broken heart in 1904
23	Homestead Act and federal land grants to railroads Homestead—160 acres of land free, live and improve for five years (Indian territory, obviously) Railroads—granted much land to build tracks (gov’t was largest landowner in West) Most important pull factor bringing the whites to Indian territory
24	Board of Indian Commissioners Reform movement--assimilate and mediate Success in mediate, not in acculturate Salvation through acculturation—religion and gov’t twined
25	Women’s National Indian Association Helen Hunt Jackson Reform group Try to Christianize Indians, totally rid them of culture Take children to white boarding schools—universal education She also wrote A Century of Dishonor to show how Indian treaties had been violated (1881)
26	Dawes Severalty Act “no socialism” among tribes Attempt to take away tribal, communal aspect of Indian culture and replaced with individualism Give 160 acres of land to individual male Indians, not huge acreage to tribe Teach farming, English, ban tribal ceremonies, religious practices Not repealed until Indians Reorganization Act of 1934 (yeah FDR!)
27	Ghost Dance and Wounded Kneee Wovoka’s fever dream Ghost dance—religious practice anticipating coming judgment on whites, salvation for Indians Local whites (SD) did not like it Big Foot led Sioux to Bad Lands—7^th Cavalry to take them back White flag of truce meant little when Indian misfired gun—Indians massacred within two hours (1890) Marked end of Indian resistance
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29	"Any themes" Any themes? What is effect of gold, homesteaders, railroads, missionaries, government on Indian culture, practices?